Cytopathology and Histopathology

Cytopathology usually used to aid in the diagnosis of cancer, but also helps in the diagnosis of certain infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions. Cancer Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues. Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide for subsequent staining and microscopic examination. However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including cytocentrifugation. Different types of smear tests may also be used for cancer diagnosis. In this sense, it is termed a cytological smear.

In the new study, which reviewed screening results from approximately 8.6 million women, 18.6% of women with confirmed cervical cancer received a negative test result when tested only with an HPV assay.  In contrast, 5.5% of women with cancer who were co-tested received a negative test result, representing an approximate three-fold improvement in the cancer detection rate.

Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is commonly performed by examining cells and tissues under a light microscope or electron microscope, which have been sectioned, stained and mounted on a microscope slide. Histological studies may be conducted using tissue culture, where live human or animal cells are isolated and maintained in an artificial environment for various research projects.

Histopathology, the microscopic study of diseased tissue, is an important tool in anatomical pathology, since accurate diagnosis of cancer and other diseases usually requires histopathological examination of samples.

Cytopathology surgical autopsy service serves multiple important functions. In addition to routine autopsy reports, this section provides sources of material for many research activities, including retrospective studies of various diseases, case reports, comparative tissue studies and studies of various physiologic functions related to a ​malignant disease. The service provides tissue for virologic, biochemical, molecular and electron microscopic studies. 

Surgical pathology is the investigation of tissues expelled from living patients amid surgery to analyze an illness and decide a treatment arrangement. Regularly, the surgical pathologist gives discussion administrations in a wide assortment of organ indications and subspecialties. The act of surgical pathology takes into consideration authoritative analysis of illness (or deficiency in that department) regardless where tissue is surgically expelled from a patient. This is generally performed by a mix of gross (i.e., plainly visible) and histologic (i.e., infinitesimal) examination of the tissue, and may include assessments of sub-atomic properties of the tissue by immunohistochemistry or other research center tests.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB, FNA or NAB), or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate superficial (just under the skin) lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass for a sampling of cells that, after being stained, will be examined under a microscope. There could be a cytology exam of aspirate (cell specimen evaluation, FNAC) or histological (biopsy - tissue specimen evaluation, FNAB). Fine-needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures. Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead. In 1981, the first fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the United States was done at Maimonides Medical Center, eliminating the need for surgery and hospitalization. Today, this procedure is widely used in the diagnosis of cancer and inflammatory conditions.

Cervical cytology became the standard screening test for cervical cancer and premalignant cervical lesions. Cytologic examinations may be performed on body fluids (examples are blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid) or on material that is aspirated (drawn out via suction into a syringe) of the body. Cytology also can involve examinations of preparations that are scraped or washed (irrigated with a sterile solution) from specific areas of the body. For example, a common example of diagnostic cytology is the evaluation of cervical smears (referred to as the Papanicolaou test or Pap smear).

Cytology is the examination of cells from the body under a microscope. In a urine cytology exam, a doctor looks at cells collected from a urine specimen, to see how they look and function. The test commonly checks for infection, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract, cancer, or precancerous conditions. Urine cytology is better at finding larger and more aggressive cancers than small, slow-growing cancers.

Dermatopathology is the investigation of cutaneous illnesses at a minuscule level, which likewise includes considering potential reasons for skin, nail or hair issue at the phone level. It is a subspecialty of dermatology and surgical pathology.

Dermatopathology focuses on diagnosis and observation of skin diseases along with infections, chronic and neoplastic diseases. Dermatopathology involves the microscopic examination, description, and interpretation of diagnostic assay specimens obtained from the skin. A dermato-pathologist performs a series of microscopic observations to detect the actual disease. Interpretation of skin specimens is difficult as several inflammatory skin diseases share identical basic inflammatory method or pattern. The ultimate identification needs clinical input and clinicopathological correlation. In some cases, extra specialized testing must be performed on biopsies, as well as technique, assay, microscopy, flow cytometry, and molecular-pathologic analysis.

Molecular Cytopathology is an emerging discipline within Cytopathology which is focused on the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology. Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer among women worldwide. The infection and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) are the essential conditions for this type of disease. However, only HPV infection is not enough for cervical pathogenesis are necessary cofactors and activation of intracellular and extracellular mechanisms to start.

In the conventional Pap smear, the physician collecting the cells smears them on a microscope slide and applies a fixative. In general, the slide is sent to a laboratory for evaluation. The studies include Liquid-based monolayer cytology and Human papillomavirus testing. Diagnostic molecular pathology: Recent revolutionary progress in human genomics is reshaping our approach to therapy and diagnosis

Veterinary Cytopathology is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross examination, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (necropsy). Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary medicine who specialize in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Other than the diagnosis of disease in food-producing animals, companion animals, zoo animals and wildlife, veterinary pathologists also have an important role in drug discovery and safety as well as scientific research. Veterinary Clinical Sciences is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, urine or cavitary effusions, or tissue aspirates using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology.

The Treatment of Veterinary Diseases of veterinary diseases is possible with the Veterinary clinical science with the help of the diagnosis pattern. Among the four major geographies namely North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the world, European region is known to be a leading veterinary vaccine market in terms of consumption, closely followed by the U.S. These two regions collectively account for more than 70% of the global veterinary vaccine market revenue.

Cytopathology is the examination of cells from the body under the microscope to identify the signs and characteristics of the disease. Cytopathology is often loosely called "cytology," a word that simply means the study of cells.

A cytopathology report tells us whether the cells studied contain signs of disease. Cells examined for cytopathology can come from fluids extracted from body cavities - e.g. urine, sputum (spit), or fluids accumulating inside the chest or abdomen. Cells can also be extracted by inserting needles into lumps or diseased areas or tissues - called fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

Laboratories may include recommendations as part of the Gynaecology Case reports. These may include a suggestion to the clinician for repeat cytology after a certain time interval or after treatment, or for tissue studies to further evaluate epithelial cell abnormalities.