2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology & Histopathology August 10-12, 2016 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is commonly performed by examining cells and tissues under a light microscope or electron microscope, which have been sectioned, stained and mounted on a microscope slide. Histological studies may be conducted using tissue culture, where live human or animal cells are isolated and maintained in an artificial environment for various research projects.

Histopathology, the microscopic study of diseased tissue, is an important tool in anatomical pathology, since accurate diagnosis of cancer and other diseases usually requires histopathological examination of samples.

Diagnostic Cytopathology Essentials is a succinct yet comprehensive guide to diagnosis in both non-gynecological and gynecological cytology. It provides quick answers to diagnostic problems in the cytological interpretation and recognition of a wide range of disease entities. Fine needle aspiration cytology is an inexpensive, a traumatic technique for the diagnosis of disease sites. It illustrates how it may be applied to the management of tumors throughout the body. The limitations of the method, the dangers of false positive reports, and the inevitability of false negative diagnoses are emphasized. In a clinical context the method has much to offer by saving patients from inappropriate operations and investigations and allowing surgeons to plan quickly and more rationally. It is an economically valuable technique and deserves greater recognition.

In the recent studies 1607 FNACs of 1333 patients which were classified according to the Bethesda system and 126 histopathological evaluations obtained from this group were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 51.24 (range: 17-89, 17% male and 83% female). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy rates were evaluated.

Molecular Cytopathology is an emerging discipline within Cytopathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer among women worldwide. The infection and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the essential condition for this type of disease. However, only HPV infection is not enough for cervical pathogenesis are necessary cofactors and activation of intracellular and extracellular mechanisms to start.

In the conventional Pap smear, the physician collecting the cells smears them on a microscope slide and applies a fixative. In general, the slide is sent to a laboratory for evaluation. The studies include Liquid-based monolayer cytology and Human papillomavirus testing.

The overall cytology market is segmented into North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America and MEA. As of 2014, North America attributed the largest share in the market in terms of revenue owing to the increasing incidences of cancer in this region. As stated by American Cancer Society, U.S. is expected to hold one third of the total cancer cases worldwide. Europe is accounted for the second largest region in terms of growth of histology and cytology market. Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness lucrative growth over the forecast period owing to continuous technological advancements and rapidly increasing awareness regarding prevention procedures of cell based chronic diseases in this region. High unmet needs of the population residing in this region, is expected to further boost the growth of this region.

Cytopathology surgical autopsy service serves multiple important functions. In addition to routine autopsy reports, this section provides sources of material for many research activities, including retrospective studies of various diseases, case reports, comparative tissue studies and studies of various physiologic functions related to malignant disease. The service provides tissue for virologic, biochemical, molecular and electron microscopic studies.

Cytology, also known as cytotechnology or cytopathology, is a specialized field in medical lab technology in which technicians examine cells for signs of cancer. Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a technique used to improve the clinical management of thyroid lesions, Thyroid Cytopathology. The introduction of a standardized and reproducible terminology system for diagnosis of a particular condition should reduce the need for unnecessary investigations and operations. Standardization of terminology is expected to improve patient safety and reduce risk to patients as any positive result will be identified and acted upon quickly.

Cervical cytology became the standard screening test for cervical cancer and premalignant cervical lesions. Cytologic examinations may be performed on body fluids (examples are blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid) or on material that is aspirated (drawn out via suction into a syringe) from the body. Cytology also can involve examinations of preparations that are scraped or washed (irrigated with a sterile solution) from specific areas of the body. For example, a common example of diagnostic cytology is the evaluation of cervical smears (referred to as the Papanicolaou test or Pap smear).

There are several methods to screen for cervical cancer. The Pap test (also known as Pap smear or conventional cytology) and liquid-based cytology are widely used throughout the world, and have been credited with greatly reducing the number of cases and mortality from cervical cancer in the developed world.[3] Cytology-based tests have not been as effective in developing countries, leading to investigation of cervical screening approaches more suited to low-resource settings such as visual inspection with acetic acid or HPV DNA testing.

Cytology is a key component in diagnosis and screening of diseases such as cancer. It assesses single cells and clusters of cells from sources such as malignant effusions and peripheral blood. Effusions are fluids that leak from blood and lymph vessels and aggregate in tissues and cavities within the body. This is a common problem in cancer patients and can be a reservoir of malignant cells. However, the total number of cells in effusions is small in comparison to the volumes of fluids that are produced. Therefore, in order to collect these cells for evaluation, they must be concentrated.

Gynecologic cytology, also gynecologic cytopathology, is a field of pathology concerned with the investigation of disorders of the female genital tract. The most common investigation in this field is the Pap test, which is used to screen for potentially precancerous lesions of the cervix. Cytology can also be used to investigate disorders of the ovaries, uterus, vagina and vulva.

Veterinary Cytopathology is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross examination, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (necropsy). Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary medicine who specialize in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Other than the diagnosis of disease in food-producing animals, companion animals, zoo animals and wildlife, veterinary pathologists also have an important role in drug discovery and safety as well as scientific research. Clinical pathology is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, urine or cavitary effusions, or tissue aspirates using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB, FNA or NAB), or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate superficial (just under the skin) lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass for sampling of cells that, after being stained, will be examined under a microscope. There could be cytology exam of aspirate (cell specimen evaluation, FNAC) or histological (biopsy - tissue specimen evaluation, FNAB).Fine-needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures. Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead. In 1981, the first fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the United States was done at Maimonides Medical Center, eliminating the need for surgery and hospitalization. Today, this procedure is widely used in the diagnosis of cancer and inflammatory conditions.

Cytopathology is the examination of cells from the body under the microscope to identify the signs and characteristics of disease. Cytopathology is often loosely called "cytology," a word that simply means the study of cells.

A cytopathology report tells us whether the cells studied contain signs of disease. Cells examined for cytopathology can come from fluids extracted from body cavities - e.g. urine, sputum (spit), or fluids accumulating inside the chest or abdomen. Cells can also be extracted by inserting needles into lumps or diseased areas or tissues - called fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

Cytology is the examination of cells from the body under a microscope. In a urine cytology exam, a doctor looks at cells collected from a urine specimen, to see how they look and function. The test commonly checks for infection, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract, cancer, or precancerous conditions.

Urine cytology is better at finding larger and more aggressive cancers than small, slow growing cancers.

Surgical Cytopathology is the most significant and time-consuming area of practice for most anatomical pathologists. Surgical Cytopathology involves the gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens, as well as biopsies submitted by surgeons and non-surgeons such as general internists, medical subspecialists, dermatologists, and interventional radiologists. Cytology can be used to diagnose a condition and spare a patient from surgery to obtain a larger specimen.

Cytopathology surgical autopsy service serves multiple important functions. In addition to routine autopsy reports, this section provides sources of material for many research activities, including retrospective studies of various diseases, case reports, comparative tissue studies and studies of various physiologic functions related to malignant disease. The service provides tissue for virologic, biochemical, molecular and electron microscopic studies.

The role of the cytopathology laboratory in the detection and presumptive identification of microorganisms. Sample procurement by exfoliation, abrasion, and aspiration techniques, as well as a variety of cytopreparatory and staining method. Cytomorphologic features and staining characteristics are presented for a spectrum of microorganisms potentially encountered in the cytopathology laboratory. Immunologic detection of immediate early antigens in specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood inoculated into shell vial cell cultures, particularly for herpes virus (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus), has provided results 16 to 48 hours after inoculation rather than the several days required for recognition of cytopathic effects in conventional tube cell cultures, in the near future, diagnostic virology laboratories will be expected to monitor viral strains for susceptibility to the growing list of antiviral drugs.

All of the disciplines of anatomic and clinical pathology, as well as other forensic sciences, are employed for the solution of medico legal questions and cases. In the United States, a coroner is typically an elected public official in a particular geographic jurisdiction that investigates and certifies deaths. The vast majority of coroners lack a Doctor of Medicine degree and the amount of medical training that they have received is highly variable, depending on their profession (e.g. law enforcement, judges, funeral directors, emergency medical technicians, nurses).In contrast, a medical examiner is typically a physician who holds the degree of Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine. Ideally, a medical examiner has completed both a pathology residency and a fellowship in forensic pathology. In some jurisdictions, a medical examiner must be both a doctor and a lawyer, with additional training in forensic pathology.