Cytopathology and Histopathology

Plant Cytopathology

Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions. Plant cytopathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. Plant viruses are generally transmitted from plant to plant by a vector, but mechanical and seed transmission also occur. Vector transmission is often by an insect (for example, aphids), but some fungi, nematodes, and protozoa have been shown to be viral vectors. In many cases, the insect and virus are specific for virus transmission such as the beet leafhopper that transmits the curly top virus causing disease in several crop plants.The global market for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was estimated to total $853 million in 2012 and close to $1.2 billion in 2013, averaging 40% growth. The market is expected to reach $2.9 billion in 2018, an estimated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.7% for the five-year period 2013 to 2018. – The U.S. market was valued at $605 million in 2013 and is expected to reach nearly $1.5 billion by 2018, a CAGR of 19.4% from 2013 to 2018. – The Asia-Pacific market was valued at $260 million in 2013 and will experience the fastest growth among all regional markets with a five-year CAGR of 22% to reach $703 million by 2018.